Sejauh Mana Partisipasi Perempuan Menentukan Kemakmuran Sosial-Ekonomi di Negara-Negara Muslim? Bukti dari Berbagai Kawasan
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Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which women's participation determines socioeconomic welfare, measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), in Muslim-majority countries, with particular attention to interregional heterogeneity. Utilizing panel data from 46 member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) over the period 2000–2022, this research applies a fixed effects model with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. Unlike prior studies that treat the Muslim world as a homogeneous entity, this study disaggregates the sample into four regions: the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Southeast Asia (SEA), and South Asia (SA). The sub-sample analyses reveal notable variations: the effect is weakly positive in MENA, attributable to rentier patriarchy; significantly negative in SSA, where subsistence economies force women into informal sector employment without social protection; and significantly positive in both SEA and SA. These findings underscore the necessity of accounting for regional heterogeneity, which in turn shapes the gender regime across different regions of Islamic presence. Consequently, the progressivity of women's roles and the observed outcomes of their participation are contingent upon a constellation of complex factors, including religious normative values, social norms, and economic structures.
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References
Ahmad, N., Zamri, Z.H. and Omarali, N.S. (2024), “Islamic Nations’ Approaches to Combating Gender Discrimination against Women: An Examination of the Southeast Asia Region”, De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 501–530, doi: 10.18860/j-fsh.v16i2.29965.
Ali, F. (2018), “The dynamics of islamic ideology with regard to gender and women’s education in South Asia”, Asian Studies, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 33–52, doi: 10.4312/as.2018.6.1.33-52.
Ambassa, L.-F. and Bidiasse, H. (2025), “Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Quantile Regression Analysis”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 9512–9535, doi: 10.1007/s13132-024-02281-5.
Amir-ud-Din, R., Naz, L. and Ali, H. (2024), “Relationship between asset ownership and women’s empowerment? Evidence from DHS data from 18 developing countries”, Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 90 No. 2, pp. 154–175.
Amornkitvikai, Y. and Pholphirul, P. (2024), “Measuring the queen bee phenomenon in technically efficient firms: implications from Southeast Asian manufacturers”, Gender, Technology and Development, Taylor & Francis, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 223–244.
Asaleye, A.J. and Strydom, K. (2023), “Promoting women’s empowerment: Linkages between financial development, employment and economic growth in selected African economies”, Sage Open, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 13 No. 4, p. 21582440231202412.
Assaad, R., Hendy, R., Lassassi, M. and Yassin, S. (2020), “Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation”, Demographic Research, Vol. 43, p. 817.
Bakker, I. and Gill, S. (2019), “Rethinking power, production, and social reproduction: Toward variegated social reproduction”, Capital & Class, SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 503–523.
Bala, P. (2024), “The Impact of Mobile Broadband and Internet Bandwidth on Human Development—A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Developed Countries”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 16419–16453, doi: 10.1007/s13132-023-01711-0.
Baltagi, B.H. (2015), Solutions Manual for Econometrics, Third Edit., Springer, New York.
Bayanpourtehrani, G. and Sylwester, K. (2013), “Female labour force participation and religion: A Cross-Country analysis”, Bulletin of Economic Research, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp. 107–133, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8586.2012.00443.x.
Chen, Y., Khurshid, A., Rauf, A., Yang, H. and Calin, A.C. (2023), “Natural resource endowment and human development: Contemporary role of governance”, Resources Policy, Vol. 81, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103334.
Colley, L. (2013), “Not Codgers in Cardigans! Female Workforce Participation and Ageing Public Services”, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 327–348, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00582.x.
Dutta, B. (2019), “An analytical study on association of women empowerment components with human development in context of assam”, International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, Vol. 8 No. 12, pp. 2741–2745.
Erwani, I. and Siregar, A.S. (2025), “The Role of Women in Islamic Sacred Texts: A Critical Study of Women’s Narratives and Authority in Islamic Tradition”, Pharos Journal of Theology, Vol. 106 No. 1, pp. 1–14, doi: 10.46222/PHAROSJOT.106.6.
Falconi, A.M., Weber, A.M., Cullen, M.R., Stefanick, M.L., Michael, Y.L. and Darmstadt, G.L. (2020), “Shifts in Women’s Paid Employment Participation During the World War II Era and Later Life Health”, Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 66 No. 1, pp. S42–S50, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.005.
Gonsoulin, M. (2005), “The islamic frontier: Islam and gender equity in Southeast Asia”, Hawwa, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 9–39, doi: 10.1163/1569208053628555.
Hardani, S. and Albahi, M. (2025), “The Role of Women in Politics in Indonesia: Critical Review of Islamic Law”, Samarah, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 1108–1129, doi: 10.22373/dqmjva57.
Hoechle, D. (2007), “Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence”, Stata Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 281–312, doi: 10.1177/1536867x0700700301.
Iregui-Bohórquez, A.M., Melo-Becerra, L.A., Ramírez-Giraldo, M.T., Tribín-Uribe, A.M. and Zárate-Solano, H.M. (2024), “Unraveling the factors behind women’s empowerment in the labor market in Colombia”, World Development, Vol. 183, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106731.
Kamalu, K. and Wan Ibrahim, W.H. (2022), “The Influence of Institutional Quality on Human Development: Evidence from Developing Countries”, Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Vol. 56 No. 1, pp. 93–105, doi: 10.17576/JEM-2022-5601-07.
Kartal, M.T. and Depren, S.K. (2019), “Presence and representation of women on board of directors: A survey-based research upon companies in Turkey”, The Role of Women in Turkish Economy: Current Situation, Problems and Policies, pp. 105–133.
Klasen, S. (2019), “What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries?”, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 161–197, doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkz005.
Kuldasheva, Z. and Ahmad, M. (2025), “Empowering economic growth through female labor force participation in central Asia: Evidence from regression and dynamic analyses”, Asia and the Global Economy, Vol. 5 No. 2, doi: 10.1016/j.aglobe.2025.100115.
Milanovic, B. (2015), “Global inequality of opportunity: How much of our income is determined by where we live?”, Review of Economics and Statistics, The MIT Press, Vol. 97 No. 2, pp. 452–460.
Miranda-Lescano, R., Muinelo-Gallo, L. and Roca-Sagalés, O. (2023), “Human development and decentralization: The importance of public health expenditure”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 94 No. 1, pp. 191–219, doi: 10.1111/apce.12373.
Mlambo, C. (2026), “Determinants of Women’s Political Participation in Fragile African States: A Macro-Level Analysis”, Social Sciences, Vol. 15 No. 3, doi: 10.3390/socsci15030170.
Moghadam, V.M. (2008), “Feminism, legal reform and women’s empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa”, International Social Science Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 9–16, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2451.2009.00673.x.
Moghadam, V.M. (2020), “Gender Regimes in the Middle East and North Africa: The Power of Feminist Movements”, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 467–485, doi: 10.1093/sp/jxaa019.
Natacha Molina, G. (2019), “Women’s struggle for equality and citizenship in Chile”, Women’s Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean: The Triangle of Empowerment, pp. 127–142, doi: 10.4324/9781315051369-7.
Naveed, A., Ahmad, N., Naz, A. and Zhuparova, A. (2023), “Economic development through women’s economic rights: A panel data analysis”, International Economics and Economic Policy, p. 1.
Peletz, M.G. (2022), “ISLAMIC COURTS, GENDER, AND THE ‘CONSERVATIVE TURN’ IN MUSLIM SOUTHEAST ASIA”, Routledge Handbook of Islam in Southeast Asia, pp. 305–325, doi: 10.4324/9780429275449-21.
Del PradoLu, S.F. (2013), “Women’s electoral participation in muslim majority and non-muslim majority countries”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 137–147.
Probert, B. (2012), “Gendered workers and gendered work: Implications for women’s learning”, Understanding Learning at Work, pp. 98–116, doi: 10.4324/9780203020050-14.
Ramdayani, S., Majid, M.S.A. and Suriani, S. (2021), “Does Women’s Participation in Politics Matter for Economic Development in OIC-15? An Islamic Perspective”, Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 209–222.
Razmi, M.J., Abbasian, E. and Broghani, M. (2018), “The relationship between Women’s empowerment and HDI in Islamic countries”, Int. J. Innov. Bus, Vol. 7.
Reeves, A., Brown, C. and Hanefeld, J. (2022), “Female political representation and the gender health gap: a cross-national analysis of 49 European countries”, European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 684–689, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac122.
Ryan, R. and Woods, R. (2016), “Women’s political empowerment: Lessons for subnational levels of government - Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, and Indonesia”, Handbook of Research on Sub-National Governance and Development, pp. 385–405, doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3.ch018.
Sakai, M. (2022), “Women and Entrepreneurship in Muslim Countries”, Gender, Development and Social Change, Vol. Part F2154, pp. 45–85, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05954-4_2.
SESRIC. (2023), PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES SWOT OUTLOOK 2023.
SESRIC. (2025), OIC LABOUR MARKET REPORT.
Solow, R.M. (1956), “A contribution to the theory of economic growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT press, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 65–94.
Urama, C.E., Ukwueze, E.R., Obodoechi, D.N., Ogbonna, O.E., Eze, A.A., Alade, O.B. and Ugwu, P.N. (2022), “Women’s Labour Force Participation: Economic Growth Nexus in Sub-Saharan African Countries”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, Vol. 24 No. 5.
Voigt, K. and Spies, M. (2020), “Female Education and Social Change: Changing Perceptions of Women’s Roles in Society in the High Mountains of Northern Pakistan”, Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. R9–R16, doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00028.1.
Widarjono, A. (2018), Ekonometrika Pengantar Dan Aplikasinya Disertai Panduan Eviews, UPP STIM YKPN, Yogyakarta.
World Bank. (2019), New Report Urges Action to Close Africa’s Gender Gaps in Business Performance.
Ahmad, N., Zamri, Z.H. and Omarali, N.S. (2024), “Islamic Nations’ Approaches to Combating Gender Discrimination against Women: An Examination of the Southeast Asia Region”, De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 501–530, doi: 10.18860/j-fsh.v16i2.29965.
Ali, F. (2018), “The dynamics of islamic ideology with regard to gender and women’s education in South Asia”, Asian Studies, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 33–52, doi: 10.4312/as.2018.6.1.33-52.
Ambassa, L.-F. and Bidiasse, H. (2025), “Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Quantile Regression Analysis”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 9512–9535, doi: 10.1007/s13132-024-02281-5.
Amir-ud-Din, R., Naz, L. and Ali, H. (2024), “Relationship between asset ownership and women’s empowerment? Evidence from DHS data from 18 developing countries”, Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 90 No. 2, pp. 154–175.
Amornkitvikai, Y. and Pholphirul, P. (2024), “Measuring the queen bee phenomenon in technically efficient firms: implications from Southeast Asian manufacturers”, Gender, Technology and Development, Taylor & Francis, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 223–244.
Asaleye, A.J. and Strydom, K. (2023), “Promoting women’s empowerment: Linkages between financial development, employment and economic growth in selected African economies”, Sage Open, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 13 No. 4, p. 21582440231202412.
Assaad, R., Hendy, R., Lassassi, M. and Yassin, S. (2020), “Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation”, Demographic Research, Vol. 43, p. 817.
Bakker, I. and Gill, S. (2019), “Rethinking power, production, and social reproduction: Toward variegated social reproduction”, Capital & Class, SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 503–523.
Bala, P. (2024), “The Impact of Mobile Broadband and Internet Bandwidth on Human Development—A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Developed Countries”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 16419–16453, doi: 10.1007/s13132-023-01711-0.
Baltagi, B.H. (2015), Solutions Manual for Econometrics, Third Edit., Springer, New York.
Bayanpourtehrani, G. and Sylwester, K. (2013), “Female labour force participation and religion: A Cross-Country analysis”, Bulletin of Economic Research, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp. 107–133, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8586.2012.00443.x.
Chen, Y., Khurshid, A., Rauf, A., Yang, H. and Calin, A.C. (2023), “Natural resource endowment and human development: Contemporary role of governance”, Resources Policy, Vol. 81, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103334.
Colley, L. (2013), “Not Codgers in Cardigans! Female Workforce Participation and Ageing Public Services”, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 327–348, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00582.x.
Dutta, B. (2019), “An analytical study on association of women empowerment components with human development in context of assam”, International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, Vol. 8 No. 12, pp. 2741–2745.
Erwani, I. and Siregar, A.S. (2025), “The Role of Women in Islamic Sacred Texts: A Critical Study of Women’s Narratives and Authority in Islamic Tradition”, Pharos Journal of Theology, Vol. 106 No. 1, pp. 1–14, doi: 10.46222/PHAROSJOT.106.6.
Falconi, A.M., Weber, A.M., Cullen, M.R., Stefanick, M.L., Michael, Y.L. and Darmstadt, G.L. (2020), “Shifts in Women’s Paid Employment Participation During the World War II Era and Later Life Health”, Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 66 No. 1, pp. S42–S50, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.005.
Gonsoulin, M. (2005), “The islamic frontier: Islam and gender equity in Southeast Asia”, Hawwa, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 9–39, doi: 10.1163/1569208053628555.
Hardani, S. and Albahi, M. (2025), “The Role of Women in Politics in Indonesia: Critical Review of Islamic Law”, Samarah, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 1108–1129, doi: 10.22373/dqmjva57.
Hoechle, D. (2007), “Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence”, Stata Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 281–312, doi: 10.1177/1536867x0700700301.
Iregui-Bohórquez, A.M., Melo-Becerra, L.A., Ramírez-Giraldo, M.T., Tribín-Uribe, A.M. and Zárate-Solano, H.M. (2024), “Unraveling the factors behind women’s empowerment in the labor market in Colombia”, World Development, Vol. 183, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106731.
Kamalu, K. and Wan Ibrahim, W.H. (2022), “The Influence of Institutional Quality on Human Development: Evidence from Developing Countries”, Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Vol. 56 No. 1, pp. 93–105, doi: 10.17576/JEM-2022-5601-07.
Kartal, M.T. and Depren, S.K. (2019), “Presence and representation of women on board of directors: A survey-based research upon companies in Turkey”, The Role of Women in Turkish Economy: Current Situation, Problems and Policies, pp. 105–133.
Klasen, S. (2019), “What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries?”, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 161–197, doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkz005.
Kuldasheva, Z. and Ahmad, M. (2025), “Empowering economic growth through female labor force participation in central Asia: Evidence from regression and dynamic analyses”, Asia and the Global Economy, Vol. 5 No. 2, doi: 10.1016/j.aglobe.2025.100115.
Milanovic, B. (2015), “Global inequality of opportunity: How much of our income is determined by where we live?”, Review of Economics and Statistics, The MIT Press, Vol. 97 No. 2, pp. 452–460.
Miranda-Lescano, R., Muinelo-Gallo, L. and Roca-Sagalés, O. (2023), “Human development and decentralization: The importance of public health expenditure”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 94 No. 1, pp. 191–219, doi: 10.1111/apce.12373.
Mlambo, C. (2026), “Determinants of Women’s Political Participation in Fragile African States: A Macro-Level Analysis”, Social Sciences, Vol. 15 No. 3, doi: 10.3390/socsci15030170.
Moghadam, V.M. (2008), “Feminism, legal reform and women’s empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa”, International Social Science Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 9–16, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2451.2009.00673.x.
Moghadam, V.M. (2020), “Gender Regimes in the Middle East and North Africa: The Power of Feminist Movements”, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 467–485, doi: 10.1093/sp/jxaa019.
Natacha Molina, G. (2019), “Women’s struggle for equality and citizenship in Chile”, Women’s Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean: The Triangle of Empowerment, pp. 127–142, doi: 10.4324/9781315051369-7.
Naveed, A., Ahmad, N., Naz, A. and Zhuparova, A. (2023), “Economic development through women’s economic rights: A panel data analysis”, International Economics and Economic Policy, p. 1.
Peletz, M.G. (2022), “ISLAMIC COURTS, GENDER, AND THE ‘CONSERVATIVE TURN’ IN MUSLIM SOUTHEAST ASIA”, Routledge Handbook of Islam in Southeast Asia, pp. 305–325, doi: 10.4324/9780429275449-21.
Del PradoLu, S.F. (2013), “Women’s electoral participation in muslim majority and non-muslim majority countries”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 137–147.
Probert, B. (2012), “Gendered workers and gendered work: Implications for women’s learning”, Understanding Learning at Work, pp. 98–116, doi: 10.4324/9780203020050-14.
Ramdayani, S., Majid, M.S.A. and Suriani, S. (2021), “Does Women’s Participation in Politics Matter for Economic Development in OIC-15? An Islamic Perspective”, Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 209–222.
Razmi, M.J., Abbasian, E. and Broghani, M. (2018), “The relationship between Women’s empowerment and HDI in Islamic countries”, Int. J. Innov. Bus, Vol. 7.
Reeves, A., Brown, C. and Hanefeld, J. (2022), “Female political representation and the gender health gap: a cross-national analysis of 49 European countries”, European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 684–689, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac122.
Ryan, R. and Woods, R. (2016), “Women’s political empowerment: Lessons for subnational levels of government - Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, and Indonesia”, Handbook of Research on Sub-National Governance and Development, pp. 385–405, doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3.ch018.
Sakai, M. (2022), “Women and Entrepreneurship in Muslim Countries”, Gender, Development and Social Change, Vol. Part F2154, pp. 45–85, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05954-4_2.
SESRIC. (2023), PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES SWOT OUTLOOK 2023.
SESRIC. (2025), OIC LABOUR MARKET REPORT.
Solow, R.M. (1956), “A contribution to the theory of economic growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT press, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 65–94.
Urama, C.E., Ukwueze, E.R., Obodoechi, D.N., Ogbonna, O.E., Eze, A.A., Alade, O.B. and Ugwu, P.N. (2022), “Women’s Labour Force Participation: Economic Growth Nexus in Sub-Saharan African Countries”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, Vol. 24 No. 5.
Voigt, K. and Spies, M. (2020), “Female Education and Social Change: Changing Perceptions of Women’s Roles in Society in the High Mountains of Northern Pakistan”, Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. R9–R16, doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00028.1.
Widarjono, A. (2018), Ekonometrika Pengantar Dan Aplikasinya Disertai Panduan Eviews, UPP STIM YKPN, Yogyakarta.
World Bank. (2019), New Report Urges Action to Close Africa’s Gender Gaps in Business Performance.