A Business Model Innovation Strategy for PT PLN (Persero) to Address Low Utilization of SPKLU Assets Through Standardized Charging Hubs and Asset Reallocation in DKI Jakarta
Main Article Content
Abstract
Indonesia’s rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased the importance of reliable public charging infrastructure. PT PLN (Persero) has expanded its Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station (SPKLU) network in DKI Jakarta; however, expansion has not generated proportional revenue growth. PLN’s internal data indicate that SPKLU revenue reached approximately IDR 14.59 billion from January to November 2025, while revenue growth declined from approximately 375% in 2024 to 16% in 2025. This study examines the factors underlying uneven SPKLU revenue, evaluates expansion strategies, and proposes a redesigned business model to improve asset utilisation and revenue sustainability. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed. The quantitative phase analysed PLN operational data from 2021 to November 2025 and survey responses from 399 EV users in DKI Jakarta using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, Pearson’s chi-square test, Cramer’s V, and multiple linear regression. The qualitative phase involved interviews with PLN representatives, a business partner, and EV users, supported by document analysis, regulatory review, competitor assessment, and international benchmarking. Findings indicate that administrative city is not significantly associated with SPKLU usage frequency, whereas home-charging availability is strongly associated with public-charging frequency. The regression model explained 62.5% of the variance in usage intention, with supporting facilities showing the largest relative contribution. The study proposes a demand-led and standardised SPKLU portfolio comprising Medium and Mega Charging Hubs, supported by asset reallocation, digital enhancement, partnership strengthening, and continuous performance monitoring.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Afentoulis, K. D., Bampos, Z. N., Vagropoulos, S. I., Keranidis, S. D., & Biskas, P. N. (2022). Smart charging business model framework for electric vehicle aggregators. Applied Energy, 328, 120179.
Agresti, A. (2018). An introduction to categorical data analysis (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Ahmed, S. K. (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers. Oral Oncology Reports, 12, 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662
Albuquerque, F. D. B., Maraqa, M. A., Chowdhury, R., Mauga, T., & Alzard, M. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions associated with road transport projects: Current status, benchmarking, and assessment tools. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 2018–2030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.261
Amiruddin, A., Dargaville, R., Liebman, A., & Gawler, R. (2024). Integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy in Indonesia’s electrical grid. Energies, 17(9), 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092037
Anggraini, D., Amelin, M., & Söder, L. (2025). Business models for electric vehicle charging considering grid limitations: An extended review from the European electricity market perspective. Applied Energy, 399, 126493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126493
Asian Development Bank. (2013). The Clean Development Mechanism: A field guide for transport projects. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/documents/clean-development-mechanism-field-guide-transport-projects
Azarova, V., Cohen, J. J., Kollmann, A., & Reichl, J. (2020). The potential for community financed electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 88, 102541.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2025). Provinsi DKI Jakarta dalam angka 2025. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
Barman, P., & Dutta, L. (2024). Charging infrastructure planning for transportation electrification in India: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 192, 114265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114265
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Barney, J. B. (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49–61.
Barney, J. B., & Hesterly, W. S. (2019). Strategic management and competitive advantage: Concepts and cases (6th ed.). Pearson.
Bhat, F. A., Tiwari, G. Y., & Verma, A. (2024). Preferences for public electric vehicle charging infrastructure locations: A discrete choice analysis. Transport Policy, 149, 177–197.
Bieńkowska, J., & Sikorski, C. (2024). Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A balanced approach to management research. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 15(1), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2024-0115
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brandt, T., Wagner, S., & Neumann, D. (2017). Evaluating a business model for vehicle-grid integration: Evidence from Germany. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 488–504.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
Brown, T. (2009). Change by design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. HarperBusiness.
Charge+. (n.d.). Charge+ in Indonesia. Retrieved August 17, 2026, from https://www.chargeplus.com/id
Charly, A., Thomas, N. J., Foley, A., & Caulfield, B. (2023). Identifying optimal locations for community electric vehicle charging. Sustainable Cities and Society, 94, 104573.
Chen, B., Guo, H., Zhou, F., Hua, Z., Huang, J. S., Wu, K., Meroux, D., & Bao, S. (2025). Electric vehicle users’ charging patterns and selection considerations at public charging stations. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 149, 105081.
Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business model innovation: Opportunities and barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.010
Chesbrough, H., & Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 529–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.3.529
CNN Indonesia. (2024, July 4). Perluas ekosistem kendaraan listrik, PLN gandeng swasta bangun SPKLU. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20240704165458-625-1117660/perluas-ekosistem-kendaraan-listrik-pln-gandeng-swasta-bangun-spklu
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, 73(4), 118–128.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE.
David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management: Concepts and cases (13th ed.). Pearson.
MetroTV News. (2025, September 20). Kolaborasi percepat pengembangan infrastruktur kendaraan listrik.
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1 of 2023 concerning the provision of electricity charging infrastructure for battery-based electric motor vehicles.
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024, April 9). 1,299 SPKLU units ready to serve electric-car users [Press release No. 187.Pers/04/SJI/2024].
Ministry of Investment/Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Regulation of the Ministry of Investment/Investment Coordinating Board No. 6 of 2023.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. Wiley.
Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., & Smith, A. (2014). Value proposition design: How to create products and services customers want. Wiley.
PT PLN (Persero). (2024). Laporan tahunan 2024 [Annual report 2024].
Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 concerning the acceleration of the battery electric vehicle program for road transportation.
Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Presidential Regulation No. 79 of 2023 amending Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 concerning the acceleration of the battery electric vehicle program for road transportation.
Sateriano, F. N. (2023). Estimating electric vehicle public charging demand across DKI Jakarta using agent-based modeling and simulation [Undergraduate final project, Institut Teknologi Bandung].
Swarjana, I. K. (2012). Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Andi.
Taran, Y., Boer, H., & Lindgren, P. (2015). A business model innovation typology. Decision Sciences, 46(2), 301–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12128
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003