Gaya Pengasuhan Makan, Masalah Makan Sensori, Selektivitas Makan Pada Anak Autisme (Systematic Literature Review)
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Abstract
Selektivitas makan merupakan salah satu masalah yang sering dialami oleh anak dengan ciri autisme. Kondisi ini ditandai dengan keterbatasan variasi makanan, penolakan terhadap makanan baru, serta preferensi yang kuat terhadap jenis makanan tertentu. Selektivitas makan dapat dipengaruhi oleh masalah makan sensori, seperti ketidaknyamanan terhadap tekstur, rasa, aroma, suhu, dan sentuhan makanan di area mulut. Selain itu, gaya pengasuhan makan orang tua juga berperan dalam membentuk respons anak terhadap makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara masalah makan sensori, gaya pengasuhan makan, dan perilaku selektivitas makan pada anak dengan ciri autisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review dengan menelaah artikel ilmiah yang relevan mengenai masalah makan sensori, selektivitas makan, gaya pengasuhan makan, dan anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder. Literatur diperoleh dari jurnal internasional yang diterbitkan pada rentang tahun 2008–2025. Artikel dipilih berdasarkan kesesuaian topik, subjek penelitian, serta relevansi terhadap variabel yang dikaji. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa masalah makan sensori berhubungan dengan meningkatnya perilaku selektivitas makan pada anak dengan ciri autisme. Anak yang mengalami penolakan terhadap sentuhan makanan, sensitivitas suhu, refleks muntah, fokus pada jenis makanan tertentu, menyemburkan makanan, atau memasukkan makanan terlalu banyak ke dalam mulut cenderung memiliki pilihan makanan yang lebih terbatas. Gaya pengasuhan makan yang responsif, konsisten, dan terstruktur dapat membantu anak menerima makanan baru secara bertahap. Sebaliknya, pengasuhan yang terlalu permisif atau terlalu memaksa dapat memperkuat perilaku penolakan makan. Hasil kajian ini menegaskan pentingnya memahami karakteristik masalah makan sensori anak serta melibatkan orang tua dalam pendampingan makan untuk mengurangi selektivitas makan pada anak dengan ciri autisme.
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