Batasan Maslahah Fatwa Dsn-Mui Tentang Ganti Rugi (Ta’Widh) : Pendekatan Batasan Maslahah Pemikiran Said Ramadhan Al-Buthi)
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Abstract
Dalam dinamika ekonomi Islam, fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI) memegang peranan penting dalam menjamin kepastian hukum dalam transaksi keuangan Islam. Salah satu aspek utama yang diatur dalam fatwa tersebut adalah ganti rugi (ta'widh), yang berfungsi sebagai kompensasi atas kerugian yang disebabkan oleh kelalaian atau wanprestasi. Fatwa ini bertujuan untuk menegakkan keadilan dalam transaksi keuangan dengan tetap berpegang pada prinsip-prinsip dasar Islam. Namun, penerapan ta'widh memerlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut untuk memastikan keselarasan dengan konsep maslahah, yang merupakan inti dari hukum Islam. Perdebatan utama seputar masalah ini adalah sanksi finansial (gharamah maliyyah), di mana para ulama memiliki pendapat yang berbeda. Sementara Abu Yusuf dari mazhab Hanafi memperbolehkan sanksi finansial, mayoritas ulama Maliki, Syafi'i, dan Hanbali menolaknya, menganggapnya akintoriba. Penelitian ini menganalisis batas-batas maslahah dalam fatwa DSN-MUI tentang ta'widh melalui kacamata pemikiran Said Ramadhan al-Buthi. Al-Buthi berpendapat bahwa maslahah harus selaras dengan maqashid syariah, tidak bertentangan dengan dalil syariah, dan menegakkan manfaat yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis melalui telaah pustaka. Temuan penelitian menyoroti sejauh mana fatwa DSN-MUI selaras dengan kerangka maslahah al-Buthi, berkontribusi pada yurisprudensi Islam kontemporer dan memastikan keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum, keadilan, dan kepatuhan syariah di sektor keuangan Islam Indonesia.
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