Underage Marriage from a Juridical and Psychological Perspective in Indonesian Society
Main Article Content
Abstract
phenomenon in Indonesia despite regulations that limit the minimum age of marriage. Data shows that 11.21% of women are married before the age of 18, with higher rates in rural areas. The research aims to analyze the juridical and psychological perspectives of underage marriage in Indonesian society, as well as identify the relationship between legal implementation and the psychological impact on children. The research used a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, involving in-depth interviews with religious court judges, psychologists, and children who married early. The results show that the legal system is weak in protecting children, reflected in the high number of marriage dispensations, which reached 65,000 cases in 2021. Children who marry early experience significant psychological impacts, with 70% experiencing stress and anxiety, 50% experiencing depression, and 65% having difficulty managing household conflicts. The study concludes that an integrative approach combining legal and psychological aspects is needed to address early marriage, and that the legal system needs to be strengthened to provide better protection for children.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Aditya, R. I., & Waddington, L. (2021). The Legal Protection Against Child Marriage in Indonesia. Bestuur, 9(2), 126–134. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55144
Alfonso-Sánchez, M. A., Peña, J. A., Aresti, U., & Calderón, R. (2001). An insight into recent consanguinity within the Basque area in Spain. Effects of authochothony, industrialization and demographic changes. Annals of Human Biology, 28(5), 505–521. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460010025158
Al’Ghani, M. Z., & Susilo, S. (2024). Social Capital in Social Construction: In-Depth Investigation of Early Marriages in Bawean Island, Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 32, 631–649. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv322024.037
Aryati, S., Yulianti, S., & Hardinasari, R. (2020). Early marriage in Yogyakarta. Dalam Haryono E., Lavigne F., Che Omar R., White B., Cardenas Tristan A., Rahmawati Hizbaron D., & Fitria Putri R. (Ed.), E3S Web Conf. (Vol. 200). EDP Sciences. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020004003
Bay, C. (2020). The wisdom tradition in early christianity through late antiquity. Dalam Wiley Blackwell Companion to Wisdom Literature (hlm. 389–411). Wiley Blackwell. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119158288.ch21
Betawi, U., & Nasution, M. I. H. (2024). Reconceptualizing the Marriage Age Limit in Indonesia: Efforts to Strengthen Family Resilience in North Sumatra. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 18(1), 161–178. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i1.11090
Calderón, R., Peña, J. A., Morales, B., & Guevara, J. I. (1993). Inbreeding patterns in the Basque Country (Alava Province, 1831-1980). Human Biology; an International Record of Research, 65(5), 743–770. Scopus. Diambil dari Scopus.
Gueresi, P. (2012). Early breakdown of isolation revealed by marriage behaviour in a ladin-speaking community (gardena valley, South Tyrol, Italy, 1825-1924). Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(3), 365–371. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932011000496
Guérin, M. (2019). Consanguineous marriages in Frankish Morea in the 13th and 14th centuries. Revista de Demografia Historica, 37(2), 95–117. Scopus. Diambil dari Scopus.
Gunawan, S. O., & Bahri, S. (2023). Impacts of Early Childhood Marriage in Indonesia Viewed from Child Protection Laws Perspectives. El-Usrah, 6(2), 362–380. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v6i2.20262
Hamidah, T. (2019). Religious heads’ perspectives towards the abolition of child marriage: A study in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 27(4), 2703–2719. Scopus. Diambil dari Scopus.
Husna, A., Rahmatillah, M., & Imran, H. (2022). Marriage Dispensation and Family Resilience: A Case Study of the Bener Meriah Shariah Court, Aceh Province. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2), 433–454. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28827
Ishom, M. (2023). The Loose Interpretation of Dominus Litis Principle in Marriage Dispensation for Underage Marriage in Banten. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 23(2), 329–350. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i2.29881
Ismayawati, A., & Ngazizah, I. F. (2022). Criminal Acts in Completing Early Marriage Requirements: Tuku Umur Practices in Islamic Communities in Central Java, Indonesia. Samarah, 6(1), 449–467. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.13001
Jaafar, M. F. (2018). Lexical patterns in customary sayings. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(1), 226–234. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i1.11461
Jorde, L. B., & Pitkänen, K. J. (1991). Inbreeding in Finland. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84(2), 127–139. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840203
Labiba, L. K., Muhajir, M., & Mustahal, M. (2025). Analisis Pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Agama Purworejo dalam Perkara Nomor 145/Pdt. P/2024/PA. Pwr tentang Penetapan Wali Adhol. J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(3), 2382-2393.
Liem, A., Julianto, V., Haq, A., & Shofa, R. L. (2024). Factors associated with child marriage during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Contemporary Islam, 18(3), 457–478. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-023-00545-6
Maharani, M., Rahardiansyah, R., & Luthviatin, N. (2024). Factors, impacts, and efforts in preventing early marriage culture on women’s reproductive health: Literature review. Dalam Kurniati D., Prihandini R.M., Alfarisi R., & Adawiyah R. (Ed.), AIP Conf. Proc. (Vol. 3148). American Institute of Physics. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0241796
Manzano, J. L. Z. (2021). Early and forced marriage as a form of violence against women: From Rome to the digital age. Glossae, 18, 430–462. Scopus. Diambil dari Scopus.
Muhajir, M. (2019). Prosedur dan Penyelesaian Dispensasi Nikah Di bawah Umur Di Pengadilan Agama. Madinah: Jurnal Studi Islam, 6(2), 170-187.
Mutakin, A., Yani, A., & Muslikaturohmah, S. (2021). Implementation of Sadd Dzarî’ah in the Decision of Religious Courts Class I.B Blora Concerning Marriage Dispensation. Al-’Adalah, 18(2), 323–344. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v18i2.9515
Nasrulloh, N., Fauzi, A. N., Mubarak, A., Suryanto, M. H., & Sa’dul Kholqi, A. M. (2024). Understanding of the Hadith, Marriage Age and the Islamic Law: Study of Regent’s Regulations in Bojonegoro, East Java. Samarah, 8(2), 998–1022. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i2.19567
Palupi, R. A., Sulistiadi, W., & Asyary, A. (2019). Public Health Policy Practice for Early-Age Marriage in Gunung Kidul, Indonesia: An Evaluation of Regent Regulation Practice on Child Health. Dalam Hadiyanto null, Warsito B., & Maryono E. (Ed.), E3S Web Conf. (Vol. 125). EDP Sciences. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912517002
Peña, J. A., Alfonso-Sánchez, M. A., & Calderón, R. (2002). Inbreeding and demographic transition in the Orozco Valley (Basque Country, Spain). American Journal of Human Biology, 14(6), 713–720. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10085
Preventing Child Marriage in Lampung: An Analysis of the Community Embedded Implementation Process Adopted for the Provincial Regulation Number 55 of 2021 and its Harmonisation with Local Custom and Islamic Law. (2024). Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice, 20(3), 165–176. Scopus. Diambil dari Scopus.
Rahmawati, D., Rahmawati, A., & Aisyaroh, N. (2022). Factors Affecting Early Marriage in the Covid-19 Era: Literature Review. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 5(12), 1489–1497. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v5i12.2758
Rahmawati, M., & Nuraeni, H. A. (2021). Peran Dispensasi Kawin dalam Peningkatan Angka Pernikahan Dini di Wilayah Kotamadya Jakarta Barat. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(1), 1–14. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v6i1.1578
Rana, M., Arifin, T., & Kurniawan, C. S. (2022). WHEN RELIGION AND CULTURE MEET ECONOMY Socio-legal Factors for the Early Marriages of Muslim Families in Cirebon. Al-Ahwal, 15(1), 83–102. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2022.15105
Rohman, T., Mahsus, M., Abduh, M., & Arnone, G. (2023). Preventing Violations of Religious and Social Norms: Judicial Interpretation of ‘Urgent Reasons’ in Marriage Dispensation at the Wonosari Religious Court, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Law, 4(2), 218–236. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v4i2.1535
Rosenbeck, B. (2018). Liberalization of Divorce: No-fault divorce in Denmark and the Nordic countries in the early 20th century. Scandinavian Journal of History, 43(1), 18–39. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2017.1318338
Rousseau, C. M. (2017a). Harbingers of the future: Marriage cases during the Pontificate of Innocent III and Lateran IV. Zeitschrift Der Savigny-Stiftung Fur Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung, 103(1), 178–203. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.26498/zrgka-2017-0106
Rousseau, C. M. (2017b). Harbingers of the future: Marriage cases during the pontificate of Innocent III and Lateran IV. Zeitschrift Der Savigny-Stiftung Fur Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung, 103(1), 178–203. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.7767/zrgka-2017-0107
Rudi Mayandra, S. H. (2020). REGULATION OF MARRIAGE DISPENSATION AGAINST MARRIAGE OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF POST DECISION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT NUMBER 22/ PUU-XV / 2017. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran, 20(2), 187–200. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v20i2.4160
Suleman, F., Arifuddin, Q., Saifudin, S., Khasanah, F., & Karimullah, S. S. (2023). The Review of the Maslahah Mursalah Related to Early Marriage: Implementation and Orientation. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 23(3), 573-586.
Smith, M. T., Asquith-Charlton, R. M., Blodwell, L. M., Clements, C. M., & Ellam, C. J. (1993). Estimating inbreeding from the faculty office registers, 1534-1540. Annals of Human Biology, 20(4), 357–368. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469300002762
Widiyanto, H., & Yustisio, A. Z. J. (2024). Pengaruh Pernikahan di Bawah Umur Terhadap Tingkat Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Purworejo. PESHUM: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(1), 674-684.
Widiyanto, H., Husna, N. F., Salsabila, A. N., & Muhajir, M. (2025). Ghoib Divorce Lawsuit in The Perspective of Islamic Law: Analysis of Ghoib's Divorce Lawsuit in 2024 at the Purworejo Religious Court Class 1B. J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(2), 193-200.
Widiyanto, H., Muhajir, M., Khasanah, F., & Karimullah, S. S. (2024). Maslahah Perspective in the Distribution of Shared Wealth: Analysis of Judge's Decision Number 584/Pdt. G/2021/PA. Pwr. Jurnal Keislaman, 7(1), 80-94.
Widiyanto, H., Arifuddin, Q., & Khasanah, F. (2024). The Benefits of Mursalat Related to Early Marriage: Implementation and Orientation From an Islamic Legal Perspective. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum, 23(3), 3462-3480.
Wigertz, A., Ahlgren, J., Holmqvist, M., Fornander, T., Adolfsson, J., Lindman, H., … Lambe, M. (2012). Adherence and discontinuation of adjuvant hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients: A population-based study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 133(1), 367–373. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-1961-4
Yetta, Y., Rajafi, A., & Subeitan, S. M. (2024). Understanding the Implications of Marriage Law Amendments: Marriage Dispensation Cases in Indonesian Religious Courts. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(1), 121–136. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i1.8979
Zainuri, M. S., Hartoyo, H., Muhajir, M., Al Amin, M. N. K., Irawan, A., & Atmaja, I. S. (2019). Analisis Penyebab Pernikahan Usia Dini Di Kecamatan Pleret Kabupaten Bantul. Nuansa Akademik: Jurnal Pembangunan Masyarakat, 4(1), 33-46.